In 1856, the Sampson Church was built near the mass grave of the soldiers of the Moscow army, designed by J. Charlemagne - a small, brick, rectangular in plan, with five heads, simple architecture. It was reconstructed several times: in 1895 and in 1909 in preparation for the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava. During the second reconstruction, under the direction of the diocesan architect S. Nosov, the entrance part with the bell tower was completed. The walls, vaults of the ceiling and the inner surfaces of the central drum of the bath were covered with a solid layer of highly artistic decorative-plant and plot paintings, made in the style of V. Vasnetsov by his students. The wooden iconostasis has been replaced by a marble one-story one. Its columns are made of onyx and decorated with jade rings.
The church was active until 1930 (since 1925 UAOC). After the cessation of worship, the gate bell tower was dismantled. During the Nazi occupation of Poltava, the church was reopened, but in 1949 it was deregistered. The premises were transferred to the museum "for a panorama of the Battle of Poltava", but for a long time there was a warehouse of the cinema management, where old or unnecessary films were stored. In the early 1990s, the Sampson Church was returned to the Orthodox community.
The paintings of the church were made by Vasnetsov's students, the marble iconostasis with onyx was made by the famous firm "Menzione".